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Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama months is getting tough with illegal builds. Earlier this year he announced an operation codenamed “Our Coastline”, aiming to remove all such illegal constructions damaging the coastline, and punish those responsible.
This is not the first time that PM Rama, or his predecessors, declared war on the “wildcat” construction that is a widespread phenomenon across the country.
But the success of this latest campaign is doubtful at best.
Data obtained by BIRN through Freedom of Information requests, FoI, show that the in the southern Vlora region during the last three years, several hundred illegal construction were demolished and the number of prosecutions for breaking the law increased.
However, prison sentences are almost invariable commuted and fines are rarely paid. Moreover, illegal constructions are not the only problem in the field. Others relate to property registration and lack of urban planning for these areas.
The Balaj family, who have lived in Jal village since 1989, told BIRN that IKMT’s demolition was illegal and the destruction of their property had left them ruined.
“They killed our future and our means of living,” Artan Balaj, a member of the family, told BIRN. “In one day, we all ended up down and out,” he added.
A major problem for over 30 years
Photo: Demolitions in Jali village. Photo: Jerola Ziaj
Unauthorised construction has been one of the most acute issues facing Albania for the last three decades, ever since internal passport requirements were lifted in 1991, when the the Communist regime that imposed them collapsed.
Almost one-third of the population moved, usually from rural mountainous areas to the western lowlands, settling in the towns or along the coast, where life is easier due to possibilities in tourism, fishing and construction.
The National Cadastre Agency has counted some 320,000 illegal units, some 200,000 of which were legalized by 2000. But the process of legalizing them remains mired in controversy and political struggle.
An audio recording published during the last election campaign showed Artan Lame, a supporter of Rama’s ruling Socialist Party, and head of the agency dealing with legalization processes, acknowledging that some 100,000 units cannot be legalized while their application status is held pending – but adding that the owners were being left at dark about this, because otherwise they might not support the government and become cannon fodder for the opposition.
Among these units are illegal constructions situated in coastal areas, whose number is increasing year by year.
Data obtained by BIRN through an FoI request from IKTM show that Vlora county has one of the highest numbers of illegal constructions.
The county covers much of the southern coast and some of the most lucrative touristic hotspots, including the resort towns of Vlora and Saranda, along with dozens of seaside villages.
IKMT figures show that 43.1 per cent of all buildings destroyed as illegal in all of Albania from 2017 to 2020, were in Vlora.
Some 247 were destroyed there, 170 of them only in 2019. The IKMT and the state publicize these demolitions. The number of such cases prosecuted in Vlora Court has also grown, from 46 in 2019 to 60 in 2020.
However, sentences are mild and many lawbreakers are back in business soon after the demolition.
Some of the buildings previously destroyed as illegal on the coastline in Vlora bay were soon repaired and returned to business for the touristic session. Some had been adapted as temporary buildings, offering various services last summer.
Albania’s parliament made “Illegal Construction” a penal offence back in 2008, following a wave of illegal construction, aiming to stop to the phenomenon while starting a legalization process for those already built. In 2014, the new government introduced harsher sentences for violators.
Data from the IKMT, however, show that penalties are seldom applied in full. The IKMT issued some 739 million leks (6.2 million euros) in fines for lawbreakers from 2017 to 2020. However, till now, data show only 9.5 per cent of the fines had been paid.
Court verdicts read by BIRN also show that most of the cases ended in agreements with the prosecutors. The defendants were spared prison if they acknowledged their misconduct, a concept introduced into the Albanian Procedural Code in 2016. In these cases, agreements between defendants and prosecutors are approved by courts.
BIRN reviewed 16 court verdicts on illegal construction in Vlora region that involved fencing walls, extra floors beyond construction permits and constructions on the seaside.
For 14 of them, the court assigned a total of 76 years in prison. But under agreements, all of that was converted into 136 months of conditional release and 120 hours of public service works.
In two of the 16 cases, the court refused to approve the deal. In one, it said prosecutors had failed to identify the owner of the land on which the illegal construction was erected while in a second case, the court doubted the prosecution had properly identified the culprit behind the construction.
Weak sentences have clearly failed to discourage new violations, to judge from the rising number of prosecutions.
Agim Basha, head of Vlora police, acknowledges that the number of illegal constructions has increased, and insists he is doing his best to regularly screen the territory.
“We have had an added emphasis on continuous screening of the territory and any identified case has been prosecuted,” Basha told BIRN, adding that police collaborate closely with the Inspectorate for the Protection of the Territory.
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